Europe · Southern Europe
Spain Demographics
Spain combines record-high resident population, very low fertility, long life expectancy, a large older-age share, and continued population growth linked mainly to international migration.
Source note: Current resident population and vital statistics use Spain’s National Statistics Institute (INE). Comparable age, urban and migration indicators use World Bank WDI data based on UN population datasets where noted. Projection values use the INE 2026-2076 projection release.
Last updated: 25 June 2026
Core Demographic Indicators
Detailed Demographic Indicators
| Indicator | Value | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resident population | 49,570,725 | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Annual population change | +0.97% | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Annual population increase | +442,428 people | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Spanish citizens | 42,327,164 | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Foreign citizens | 7,243,561 | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Born in Spain | 39,566,144 | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Foreign-born population | 10,004,581 | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Households | 19,746,638 | 1 January 2026 | INE Continuous Population Statistics |
| Total fertility rate | 1.10 births per woman | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics / Eurostat fertility series |
| Live births | 318,005 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Deaths | 436,118 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Natural change | -116,056 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Life expectancy at birth, total | 84.01 years | 2024 | INE Basic Demographic Indicators |
| Life expectancy at birth, men | 81.38 years | 2024 | INE Basic Demographic Indicators |
| Life expectancy at birth, women | 86.53 years | 2024 | INE Basic Demographic Indicators |
| Infant mortality rate | 3.04 deaths per 1,000 live births | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Population aged 0-14 | 12.92% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP |
| Population aged 15-64 | 65.93% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP |
| Population aged 65+ | 21.15% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP |
| Urban population share | 81.8% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN World Urbanization Prospects |
| Urban population count | 39,233,040 | 2024 | World Bank WDI |
| Net migration | +96,630 | 2025 | World Bank WDI |
Table analysis
- The INE resident-population series places Spain at 49,570,725 people on 1 January 2026.
- The 2024 natural balance was negative: 318,005 births and 436,118 deaths, a difference of -116,056.
- The fertility rate of 1.10 births per woman is well below the broad 2.1 replacement benchmark.
- Older people account for 21.15% of the World Bank/WPP 2024 population structure, while children aged 0-14 account for 12.92%.
Resident Population Trend
Spain Resident Population, 2022-2026
Quarterly INE resident population estimates from 1 January 2022 to 1 January 2026.
Source: INE Continuous Population Statistics. Values are resident population estimates for the stated reference date.
Trend analysis
- The INE quarterly series rose from 47.49 million in January 2022 to 49.57 million in January 2026.
- The January-to-January increase from 2025 to 2026 was 442,428 residents.
- The latest annual variation in the INE table is +0.97%, lower than the early-2023 annual pace but still positive.
Resident Population Table
| Year | Date | Resident population | Quarterly change | Annual change | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 1 January | 47,486,727 | +62,132 | 0.18% | INE CPS |
| 2022 | 1 April | 47,609,145 | +122,418 | 0.53% | INE CPS |
| 2022 | 1 July | 47,781,354 | +172,209 | 0.92% | INE CPS |
| 2022 | 1 October | 47,940,295 | +158,941 | 1.09% | INE CPS |
| 2023 | 1 January | 48,085,361 | +145,066 | 1.26% | INE CPS |
| 2023 | 1 April | 48,205,962 | +120,601 | 1.25% | INE CPS |
| 2023 | 1 July | 48,320,520 | +114,558 | 1.13% | INE CPS |
| 2023 | 1 October | 48,486,865 | +166,345 | 1.14% | INE CPS |
| 2024 | 1 January | 48,619,695 | +132,830 | 1.11% | INE CPS |
| 2024 | 1 April | 48,701,130 | +81,435 | 1.03% | INE CPS |
| 2024 | 1 July | 48,821,936 | +120,806 | 1.04% | INE CPS |
| 2024 | 1 October | 48,999,880 | +177,944 | 1.06% | INE CPS |
| 2025 | 1 January | 49,128,297 | +96,997 | 0.98% | INE CPS |
| 2025 | 1 April | 49,228,566 | +131,689 | 1.08% | INE CPS |
| 2025 | 1 July | 49,355,143 | +126,577 | 1.09% | INE CPS |
| 2025 | 1 October | 49,489,205 | +134,062 | 1.00% | INE CPS |
| 2026 | 1 January | 49,570,725 | +81,520 | 0.97% | INE CPS |
Table analysis
- The table uses one source and one definition: INE resident population by quarterly reference date.
- Every quarter shown from January 2022 onward records a positive quarterly change.
- The largest quarterly increase in this table is 177,944 residents in October 2024.
Age Structure
Spain Age Structure, 2024
Share of total population by broad age group.
Source: World Bank WDI, based on UN World Population Prospects. Broad age groups are not a full population pyramid.
| Age group | Population | Share | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-14 | 6,312,120 | 12.92% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP |
| 15-64 | 32,179,918 | 65.93% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP |
| 65+ | 10,356,802 | 21.15% | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP; 65+ count derived from WDI total minus listed 0-14 and 15-64 counts |
Data analysis
- The 65+ group is larger than the 0-14 group by about 4.04 million people in the 2024 WDI age structure.
- The working-age group, 15-64, remains the largest broad age group at 65.93%.
- The table should not be read as a population pyramid because it uses three broad age bands rather than detailed five-year age-sex groups.
Broad Age-Sex Structure
A full population pyramid is not shown because detailed five-year age-by-sex counts were not fully extracted into this page dataset. The table below uses only broad groups and marks unavailable cells directly.
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Male share | Female share | Sex ratio | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-14 | 3,245,083 | 3,067,037 | 6,312,120 | 51.41% | 48.59% | 1.06 males per female | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP; female count calculated from listed total and male count |
| 15-64 | Data not available | Data not available | 32,179,918 | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP total age group only |
| 65+ | Data not available | Data not available | 10,356,802 | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | 2024 | World Bank WDI / UN WPP; total derived from broad age counts |
Age-sex analysis
- The 0-14 group has 3,245,083 males and an estimated 3,067,037 females from the WDI total and male count.
- The broad 15-64 and 65+ rows keep sex-specific cells as Data not available because the current page dataset does not contain verified male and female counts for those groups.
- No full population pyramid is produced because a true pyramid requires detailed age-by-sex groups, preferably five-year age bands.
Fertility and Life Expectancy
Fertility Compared With Replacement Benchmark
Spain’s 2024 total fertility rate compared with the broad 2.1 replacement-level benchmark.
Source: INE Vital Statistics and Eurostat fertility series. Replacement benchmark shown for context, not as a Spain-specific policy target.
Chart analysis
- Spain’s 2024 fertility rate is 1.00 birth per woman below the 2.1 benchmark.
- The value is consistent with the 2024 INE vital-statistics release and Eurostat’s 2024 fertility ranking.
Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex
INE life-table values for Spain’s resident population in 2024.
Source: INE Basic Demographic Indicators, 2024.
| Year | Total | Men | Women | Female-male gap | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 82.91 | 80.10 | 85.63 | 5.53 | INE |
| 2019 | 83.53 | 80.78 | 86.19 | 5.41 | INE |
| 2020 | 82.28 | 79.52 | 85.04 | 5.52 | INE |
| 2021 | 83.03 | 80.20 | 85.81 | 5.61 | INE |
| 2022 | 83.08 | 80.36 | 85.74 | 5.38 | INE |
| 2023 | 83.77 | 81.11 | 86.34 | 5.23 | INE |
| 2024 | 84.01 | 81.38 | 86.53 | 5.15 | INE |
Data analysis
- Life expectancy recovered from 82.28 years in 2020 to 84.01 years in 2024 in the INE series.
- Women had a life expectancy of 86.53 years in 2024, compared with 81.38 years for men.
- The 2024 female-male gap is 5.15 years.
Births, Deaths and Natural Change
Births, Deaths and Natural Change, 2024
INE vital-statistics totals for Spain’s resident population.
Source: INE Vital Statistics, 2024.
| Measure | Value | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Live births | 318,005 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Deaths | 436,118 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Natural change | -116,056 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Infant mortality rate | 3.04 per 1,000 live births | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
| Average number of children per woman | 1.10 | 2024 | INE Vital Statistics |
Data analysis
- Deaths exceeded births by 116,056 in 2024.
- The negative natural change means resident-population growth depends on migration and registration flows rather than births alone.
- The infant mortality rate is listed separately because it is a rate per 1,000 live births, not a count.
Urban Population and Migration
Urban Population Share
World Bank WDI urban share using national urban definitions and UN urbanization inputs.
Source: World Bank WDI, 2024. Urban definitions can differ across countries.
Chart analysis
- The World Bank WDI urban share for Spain is 81.8% in 2024.
- The corresponding urban population count is 39,233,040.
Net Migration
Comparable World Bank WDI net migration value for the latest listed year.
Source: World Bank WDI, 2025. Net migration is not the same as immigration or emigration counts.
| Indicator | Value | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban population share | 81.8% | 2024 | World Bank WDI |
| Urban population | 39,233,040 | 2024 | World Bank WDI |
| Net migration | +96,630 | 2025 | World Bank WDI |
| Foreign-born population | 10,004,581 | 1 January 2026 | INE CPS |
| Foreign citizenship population | 7,243,561 | 1 January 2026 | INE CPS |
Table analysis
- The INE foreign-born count reached 10,004,581 on 1 January 2026.
- The foreign-citizenship count is lower at 7,243,561, so citizenship and place of birth should not be treated as the same measure.
- The WDI net migration value is a comparable migration balance, not a direct count of arrivals or departures.
Historical Population Series
| Year | Population | Population growth | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | Data not available | Data not available | Comparable annual population series | World Bank WDI range available, value not extracted into current page dataset |
| 1970 | Data not available | Data not available | Comparable annual population series | World Bank WDI range available, value not extracted into current page dataset |
| 1980 | Data not available | Data not available | Comparable annual population series | World Bank WDI range available, value not extracted into current page dataset |
| 1990 | Data not available | Data not available | Comparable annual population series | World Bank WDI range available, value not extracted into current page dataset |
| 2000 | Data not available | Data not available | Comparable annual population series | World Bank WDI range available, value not extracted into current page dataset |
| 2010 | Data not available | Data not available | Comparable annual population series | World Bank WDI range available, value not extracted into current page dataset |
| 2020 | 47,359,424 | 0.51% | Annual population, comparable WDI series | World Bank WDI / FRED display |
| 2021 | 47,443,821 | 0.18% | Annual population, comparable WDI series | World Bank WDI / FRED display |
| 2022 | 47,786,102 | 0.72% | Annual population, comparable WDI series | World Bank WDI / FRED display |
| 2023 | 48,352,528 | 1.18% | Annual population, comparable WDI series | World Bank WDI / FRED display |
| 2024 | 48,848,840 | 1.02% | Annual population, comparable WDI series | World Bank WDI / FRED display |
Method note
- The table separates available extracted values from years where the World Bank range exists but the exact value was not extracted into the page dataset.
- The WDI annual total for 2024 is 48,848,840, while INE’s resident population on 1 January 2026 is 49,570,725; the two series have different timing and source definitions.
- The annual WDI growth rate is 1.02% for 2024.
Population Projection Scenario
INE Population Projection Path
Selected national projection points from the INE 2026-2076 release.
Source: INE Population Projections 2026-2076. Projections are scenario-based estimates, not guaranteed outcomes.
| Year | Projected population | Scenario | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 49,570,725 baseline resident population | Starting population reference | INE CPS / INE Projection release context |
| 2041 | About 53.8 million | Current demographic trends maintained | INE Population Projections 2026-2076 |
| 2051 | About 54.6 million | Current demographic trends maintained | INE Population Projections 2026-2076 |
| 2076 | About 53.0 million | Current demographic trends maintained | INE Population Projections 2026-2076 |
Projection analysis
- The INE 2026-2076 projection release indicates a gain of about 4.25 million people over the next 15 years.
- The projected path rises above 53.8 million around 2041 and reaches about 54.6 million around 2051 before easing toward about 53.0 million by 2076.
- The same release states that the 65+ share, currently around 21.1%, would reach a maximum of about 30.9% around 2076.
- Projection rows are not mixed with observed population rows; the table marks scenario values separately.
Demographic Overview
The INE resident population reached a new high of 49.57 million on 1 January 2026, with a 0.97% annual increase.
Births remained below deaths in 2024, producing a natural balance of -116,056 people.
World Bank/WPP data place the 65+ share at 21.15% in 2024, above the 0-14 share of 12.92%.
The 2024 fertility rate of 1.10 births per woman sits far below the broad 2.1 replacement benchmark.
INE data show more than 10 million foreign-born residents on 1 January 2026, while WDI lists positive net migration for 2025.
INE resident counts, WDI annual estimates, and projection values use different timing and definitions and should not be merged into one trend line.
Data Sources and Methodology
| Source | Year or release | Used for | Method note |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE), Continuous Population Statistics | 1 January 2026 provisional release | Resident population, quarterly resident-population table, nationality, place of birth, households | Resident population by reference date; not the same as UN mid-year population. |
| INE Vital Statistics and Basic Demographic Indicators | 2024 | Births, deaths, natural change, fertility rate, infant mortality, life expectancy by sex | Resident-population vital events and official life-table indicators. |
| World Bank World Development Indicators | 2024-2025 latest listed values | Comparable total population, population growth, age shares, age counts, urban population, net migration | Uses internationally comparable series based on UN datasets and national sources; timing can differ from INE resident counts. |
| Eurostat fertility statistics | 2024 | Cross-checking Spain’s 2024 fertility rate and replacement-level note | Comparable EU fertility indicator expressed as live births per woman. |
| INE Population Projections | 2026-2076 release | Projection table, projection chart and 65+ projection note | Scenario-based projection under maintained demographic-trend assumptions. |
| UN World Population Prospects 2024 medium-variant display | 2026 display value | Median age card | Used because the current page dataset did not extract a more recent official INE median-age table value. |
Method note
- Values are not estimated to fill missing cells. Missing values remain marked as Data not available.
- INE current resident-population data are prioritized for Spain’s headline population because they are the national official current series.
- World Bank WDI values are used when a comparable international age, urban or migration indicator is needed.
- Projection values are kept separate from observed or estimated population values.
Methodological Safety Note
Methodological Safety Note: Spain’s demographic values can differ by source because resident population, annual mid-year population, census-based estimates, vital-statistics counts, modelled international series and projection scenarios are not identical measures. INE resident population values use exact reference dates, while World Bank/WDI values use annual comparable series. Projection rows are scenario-based estimates, not observed data. Age-sex cells are shown only where the page dataset contains verified values. Fertility is shown as births per woman, life expectancy as years at birth, net migration as a balance, and urban population according to the source’s urban definition. Rounded values may not sum exactly.
Spain Demographics FAQ
What is the population of Spain?
Spain’s resident population was 49,570,725 on 1 January 2026 according to INE Continuous Population Statistics.
Is Spain’s population growing?
Yes. INE reported a 0.97% annual increase on 1 January 2026, equal to 442,428 more residents over the year.
What is Spain’s fertility rate?
Spain’s 2024 fertility rate was 1.10 births per woman in the INE and Eurostat fertility data.
Why does the INE population differ from UN-style population values?
INE values are resident-population counts for exact reference dates. UN-style and World Bank values are comparable annual series and may use different timing, revisions and definitions.
Does this page include a population pyramid?
No. A full pyramid is not shown because verified detailed five-year age-by-sex counts were not fully extracted into this page dataset.